Abstract

Overview

This study investigates the electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure levels from 5G millimeter-wave base station antennas using the Monte Carlo method under current international radio frequency (RF) regulatory standards.

Findings

• Assessment techniques include multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming technologies.
• Power reduction factors (PRFs) used provide conservative yet realistic exposure values.
• Exposure measurements based on near-field and far-field approaches are detailed.
• Results indicate that exposure is significantly below theoretical maximums.
• PRFs suitable for sub-6 GHz frequencies are similarly effective for millimeter-wave frequencies.

Conclusion

Despite the inherently low power output of current millimeter-wave technology, the study confirms the safety and appropriateness of current assessment standards, ensuring low EMF exposure and adherence to safety regulations.