Evaluating radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in confined spaces: a systematic review of recent studies and future directions

Abstract

Overview

This study reviews recent research on Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) exposure in confined environments, focusing on methodologies and parameters. Studies typically evaluate RF-EMF exposure using electric field and specific absorption rate (SAR), but fail to consider temperature rise in tissues within these confined environments. The review highlights investigations conducted in subterranean settings such as subways, tunnels, and mines.

Findings

• Measurement approaches: Studies use electric field and SAR metrics, with a noted lack of attention to temperature increase in tissue.
• Environments considered: Subterranean locations like subways, tunnels, and mines are particularly focused on.
• Exposure rates: The review shows that RF-EMF exposure is higher in working spaces and transport settings compared to dwellings, attributed to multiple exposure frequencies and higher user density.
• Research gaps: Limited evaluation exists for sub-terrain environments, even as wearable wireless devices become more prevalent in these settings.
• Tools and techniques: Various exposimeters and numerical dosimetry software are identified as commonly used for measurement and simulation.
• Key parameter: The electric field is the most commonly measured and simulated exposure parameter in confined environments.

Conclusion

Given the increasing use of wearable wireless devices in sub-terrain and occupational environments, there is a critical need to assess RF-EMF exposure in high-temperature and confined regions, particularly regarding temperature elevation in tissues. Long-term exposure and its health impacts, especially for workers in such settings, require further study. Future research should emphasize potential health risks and inform the development of strategies to mitigate exposure and protect both workers and the public.