Abstract

Overview

The study investigates the impact of single or multiple radio-frequency (RF) signals on macrophage cells, focusing on functional changes due to exposure.

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the effects of RF exposure at frequencies of 900 and 2450 MHz on the phagocytic activity and inflammatory responses in the RAW 264.7 cell line.

Materials and Methods

• Cells were exposed to RF in a specialized electromagnetic chamber at varying durations: 4, 24, 48, or 72 hours.
• Assays used included flow cytometry for cell growth, colorimetry for nitric oxide production, qPCR for gene expression, and microscopy for phagocytic activity.

Findings

• Increase in nitric oxide after 48 hours at 2450 MHz.
• Combined RF exposure led to increases in HSP70 after 48 hours, and significant rises in NO and TNF-α after 72 hours.
• Phagocytic activity of macrophages declined with longer exposure times across all groups.

Conclusion

Exposure to single and combined RF signals leads to diminished phagocytic function and elevated inflammatory and cytoprotective responses in macrophages. The implications for human immune response require further investigation.