Environmental risk factors for dementia: a systematic review

Authors: Lewis O. J. Killin, John M. Starr, Ivy J. Shiue, Tom C. Russ

Year: 12 October 2016

Category: Geriatrics

Journal: BMC Geriatrics

Institution: BMC Geriatrics

DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0342-y

URL: http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-016-0342-y

Abstract

Overview

Dementia risk reduction is an essential public health priority. Although certain modifiable risk factors for dementia are known, many risks remain unexplained. This review provides in-depth examination of potential environmental contributors.

Methods

Comprehensive search of PubMed and Web of Science databases up to January 2016.
Exclusion criteria: studies focusing primarily on cognitive outcomes, physiology only, case studies, animal studies, or nutritive factors.
Quality appraisal and data extraction performed on eligible studies.

Findings

The systematic review incorporated findings from 4,784 studies, narrowing down to 60 relevant pieces that met criteria. These studies were categorized into six areas:

Air quality, toxic heavy metals, other metals, other trace elements, occupational exposures, and miscellaneous factors.
Notably, elements such as aluminium and selenium, alongside air pollution, pesticides, vitamin D deficiency, and both electric and magnetic fields were implicated as risks with at least moderate evidence.

Conclusion

The studies, while numerous and varied, suggest following up on several identified risk factors with further robust and longitudinal research to firmly establish associations. This paved the way for focused future investigations into these environmental risks for dementia.

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