Effect of terahertz radiation on cells and cellular structures (Review)

Overview

This review presents an up-to-date examination of how electromagnetic terahertz (THz) radiation (0.5–100 THz) at varying power densities and exposure durations impacts the viability of both normal and cancer cells.

Spectroscopic techniques in the THz range are highlighted as powerful tools for investigating how radiation affects biological cells and tissues. Special focus is given to the use of water spectra in tissues as sensitive markers for pathological processes.

Findings

• THz radiation can disrupt cell membrane properties, form pores, activate ion channels, and alter cell proliferation and viability.
• Multiple mechanisms underlie these effects, including:
  • Changes in the conformation of membrane proteins, altering regulatory pathways and membrane permeability.
  • Redistribution of electric charges across cell membranes.
  • Resonant excitations in macromolecules comprising membranes and the cytoskeleton.
• Although THz photons lack enough energy to break covalent bonds, their frequencies overlap with vibrational–rotational transitions of proteins and water, potentially modifying protein–protein and protein–water interactions.
• Water molecules act as universal THz markers, sensitive to various cellular processes, and offer unique insights into biological systems in this frequency range.
• THz waves can enhance molecular bond vibrations, modulating biological functions even at non-thermal (low-energy) levels.
• Non-thermal effects include resonance vibrations and conformation changes in biomolecules, differentiation from simple heating impacts.

Conclusion

There is currently no scientific consensus on whether THz radiation causes damaging effects in biological tissues at all levels of organization. However, research clearly identifies multiple mechanisms whereby THz exposure can affect cellular structures and functions, which is critical for assessing EMF safety. Increased research and AI-driven diagnostics using THz modalities are anticipated, especially in cancer research and therapy. Early theranostic approaches using THz for both diagnosis and therapy are promising but require further development.

⚠️ Connection to Health Risks: The evidence presented shows measurable and diverse biological effects from THz radiation exposure, underlining the importance of vigilance regarding EMF safety and potential consequences for human health.