Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: a critical review of explanatory hypotheses
Abstract
Overview
Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is identified by the association of non-specific symptoms to anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMF). This condition has notable effects on the lives of its sufferers and holds potential as a significant public health concern, though it is still a disputed condition.
Methods
- The review adopts a broad perspective, incorporating not only EHS-specific literature but also all pertinent research related to the field.
- A thorough bibliography from a 2018 report by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety was employed, supplemented with more recent studies.
- Systematic reviews and expert reports were primarily utilized.
Findings
Three primary explanatory hypotheses are discussed regarding the origin of symptoms in EHS individuals:
- The electromagnetic hypothesis, which directly relates EHS to EMF exposure.
- The cognitive hypothesis, which views EHS as resulting from incorrect beliefs about EMF's harmful effects, thus triggering nocebo responses to perceived EMF exposures.
- The attributive hypothesis, which sees EHS as a coping mechanism for pre-existing conditions.
Each hypothesis is critically evaluated, considering their conceptual, experimental, and ecological validity.
Conclusion
None of the hypotheses completely elucidates the condition, suggesting a need for further research to better comprehend and differentiate these theories.