Perspectives on terahertz honeybee sensing

Authors: Prokscha A, Sheikh F, Jalali M, De Boose P, De Borre E, Jeladze V, Ribas FO, Carvajal DT, Svejda JT, Kubiczek T, Aqlan B, Alibeigloo P, Mutlu E, Watermann J, Abts J, Kress R, Preuss C, Clochiatti S, Wiedau L, Weimann NG, Balzer JC, Thielens A, Kaiser T, Erni D

Year: 2025 Mar 27

Category: Environmental Monitoring, Physics, Entomology

Journal: Scientific Reports

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-91630-8

URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91630-8

Abstract

Overview

Terahertz (THz) technology provides precise monitoring capabilities in dynamic environments, offering unique insights into insect habitats. This study focuses on environmental monitoring of European honey bees (Apis mellifera) through a combination of measurements and simulations.

Findings

  • Dielectric Characterization: Dielectric material properties of honey bee body parts were characterized across 1-500 GHz, collecting heterogeneous empirical data.
  • Mockup Validation: Honey bee mockups made from polyamide 12 (PA12) and epoxy resin were employed and validated as effective substitutes for real bees via comparative scattering analyses.
  • Advanced THz Technologies: Research explored radar cross-section (RCS), imaging, and spectral properties using advanced THz technologies, such as resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs, 250 GHz) and THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS, frequencies >250 GHz).
  • High-Resolution Imaging: Imaging using a 450 GHz bandwidth captured intricate anatomical details of both real and 3D-printed bees, showing THz technology’s promise for detailed environmental monitoring.
  • Dosimetric Simulations: Simulations at 300 GHz assessed the dosimetry and feasibility of non-invasive, continuous monitoring based on the heterogeneous honey bee model.

Conclusion

This research highlights the potential of THz technology for non-invasive, detailed, and continuous environmental monitoring of honey bees, with implications for assessing the impact of high-frequency electromagnetic fields on insect health and habitat safety.

terahertz technology honey bee sensing environmental monitoring radar cross-section dielectric properties high-frequency EMF insect health
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