Abstract

Overview

No full abstract is provided. However, the study extensively reviews the impact of time delays in biological feedback systems and the effect of electromagnetic field exposures.

Findings

• Biological systems feature complex signaling pathways with feedback and feed forward mechanisms.
• Time delays in these systems can result in varied biological responses like oscillations and bi-stability.
• Exposure to electromagnetic fields and microwaves impacts cellular processes, altering membrane resistance and ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentrations even when temperature is held constant.
• The study suggests that the timing and frequency of electromagnetic signals can influence biological responses significantly.

Conclusion

The findings indicate a critical need to understand the time and frequency-dependent nature of electromagnetic exposure on biological systems to predict outcomes like cell growth and immune responses accurately.