Abstract

Abstract Summary

Overview

The study reviews the role of radiation from various sources such as radiofrequency, electromagnetic radiation (EMR), low-dose X-radiation, low-level microwave radiation, and ionizing radiation, which are integral to modern lifestyles. The primary focus is on biological adaptive responses regulated by radiation-induced oxidative stress (RIOS) and its molecular signaling pathways.

Materials and Methods

• Extensive literature search conducted up to December 2019.
• Databases searched include Web of Sciences, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Embase, and Cochrane Library.
• Keywords: radiation, electromagnetic radiation, adaptive immunity, oxidative stress, immune checkpoints.

Findings

RIOS activates various molecular adaptors which aid in adaptive responses in radiation-exposed cells. Key pathways and molecules highlighted include:

• p53 promoting cellular signaling.
• Activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway through mitochondrial depolarization.
• Activation of caspase apoptotic cascade and MAPK signaling - p38 MAPK, ERK, and JNK.
• Akt/PI3K pathway's role in proliferative responses.
• Involvement in genetic instability and attenuation of DNA repair mechanisms.
• Inflammatory transcription factors like MIF, NF-κB, and STAT-3 leading RIOS-induced inflammation.

Conclusion

RIOS significantly influences radiation-induced adaptive responses, with potential undiscovered molecular adaptors that may be revealed in future research.