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Since there are so many areas to research even within this
arena, this page will be limited to weakly intense electromagnetic radiation
that the general population is exposed to commonly. This obviously leads into
topics like cellular phone use and more subtle affects of radiation to Genetic
Material!
"The question
Is not"
If cell phone radiation can cause DNA damage!
Below images prove without question it can!
"The question is"
Can your body repair
DNA damage
without mutating genes?
Dr. Lai
and Singh found double-strand DNA breaks after RF exposure similar to Cell
Phone levels.
A Comet Tail
Of Your DNA From RF Exposure Below Current FCC
Safe Exposure Standards
Learn how above images of DNA
were taken (Click
Here)
Human DNA and
chromosome breakage:
Implications for cancer and neural damage!
Recent US studies are showing
more significant bio-effects at lower and lower power densities. (See Above)
Dr. Henry Lai has reported
DNA single and double strand breaks at levels below the current FCC
exposure standard. Magras & Xenos have reported irreversible sterility in
mice after 5 generations of exposure to .168 to 1.053 microwatts per square
centimeter in an "antenna park." Note that the current, applicable US exposure
standard would be 579 microwatts per square centimeter, -- 500 times higher!
-- and that this very low exposure level would relate more to a person living
near a cellular tower, than a cell phone user.
The DNA
strands form a spiral-staircase-like helix, and so breaks on only one side of
the ladder are much easier to repair than those where both sides are broken.
But in later experiments Lai and Singh found double-strand DNA breaks after
similar exposures times and levels.
It is
possible for the cell to make mistakes when repairing single-strand breaks,
but the likelihood of serious mistakes (mutations) increases substantially
with double-strand breaks.
Another aspect of the Lai-Singh
research (with pulsed microwave similar to GSM cell phones and radar) was also
disturbing. Rat brains which were excised and prepared quickly for the assay
showed fewer breaks, while those which were checked four hours after exposure
revealed much higher levels. This suggests that both the damage and the
repair-initiation are not simple and immediate processes, and supports the
thesis that DNA damage from repeated uses of a cellphone could be cumulative.
DNA And The Microwave Effect
Penn State University
January 20, 2001
Can microwaves disrupt the covalent bonds of
DNA? The fundamentals of thermodynamics and physics indicate this is
impossible. Numerous studies have concluded that there is no evidence to
support the existence of the 'Microwave Effect', and yet, some recent studies
have demonstrated that microwaves are capable of breaking the covalent bonds
of DNA. The exact nature of this phenomenon is not well understood, and no
theory currently exists to explain it. This report summarizes the history of
the controversy surrounding the microwave effect, and the latest research
results.
(Click
Here)
The Lorentz force
(researched at the cellular level, surmised at the genetic
level)
The major
contributing factor to the 'microwave effect'
is actually a reciprocating lorentz-force (force exerted on a
charge-carrying substance in the presence of mutually perpendicular electric
and magnetic fields - such as in a microwave) exerted on the uneven charge
distribution of the DNA/RNA molecule. Thus providing a non-thermal explanation
for this phenomenon. If that is the case, then the frequencies involved would
almost certainly be very different to the conventional 2450 MHz, since the
structures and the forces involved are so different. It would become a
microscopic structural resonance issue, as opposed to a purely thermal or
purely chemical effect. This would also explain the similarities between the
microwave effect and the external-heating method.
With the limitations proposed, there are two
major ways genetic damage can occur. You can damage genetic material with
temperature (fry the DNA), or you can blame the damage on physical forces
(smash the bonds of the DNA causing it to misread RNA).
Northwestern University Physics & Astronomy
Department - Phyx 135-2 (General Physics) -- Professor Donald Ellis
(Student Projects)
Ideas proposed for things not temperature
related
(throughout research):
Brownian Motion: At a very general level, the phenomenon of Brownian
Motion and its research basically describes how things randomly bump into each
other. In this case, Brownian Motion actually results due to the thermal
energy of the particle itself. The thermal energy of the Brownian Motion and
its movements is actually greater by a factor of 10 than the theorized
movements caused by the electromagnetic radiation. In brownian motion, if one
were to analyze the a given area a, and play a movie of it at speed s, at 4a,
you can get the same type of movie at speed 2s, and in general, this
exponential (2 as the base) holds.
Attraction of Cells: Schwan and Aldair proposed that cells in the
presence of an electric field distribute ions across the membranes so they
become polarized (and therefore attracted to each other). Although this is not
directly genetic damage, many cells rely on proper transport of nutrients
across the membrane to be able to successfuly duplicate genetic material. This
may inhibit the very delicate process of duplication.
Lorentz Effect: This is the one I will spend some more time going into
detail on. Some of the literature on the material is kind of , but it gives a
general idea (in addition, I could find more on this topic than I could on the
other two). Because I have kind of a push on this effect and the fact that it
relates very well to course material, this topic will be explored more.
The literature concentrates on cellular damage due to the Lorentz Force, but
it also uses this damage as a potential gap-filler for the Microwave Effect.
Let's suppose, for a second, that there is some damage to the hydrogen bonds
(this damage would also translate to the covalent bond, but to about 10 times
less a degree). The force due to direct EMR:
FB = qv X B
The energy of this force is the sum of all FB projected over a certain
distance (dot product). For simplicity, lets assume that the force acts along
a straight line over the length of the hydrogen bond. The magnetic field will
also be I know that there are a lot of cellular dynamics left out here, but
the calculations would get fearfully complex otherwise.
Requirements for this force to matter:
- the ion(s) must be moving near the DNA
- they must be moving at a velocity in which the resulting energy is a visible
fraction of the total energy to break a hydrogen bond
- we are assuming worst-case scenario where all conditions dependent on time
are maximized
Question: What would be the required frequency to produce x percentage
of the energy required to break the H-Bond?
Using these equations (some simplified from assumptions)
FB = qv X B ==> FB = qvB (magnetic field is perpendicular to velocity)
U = Integral(Dot( FB, s) ) ==> U = FBs (where s is the distance across the
hydrogen bond)
E/B = c
E = -grad(V) = -uodqow2/4pi ( sin (z)/r ) cos(w(t-r/c) ) z ====> E = kw2/r
(assume head-on radiation at maximum amplitude) note that r is the distance
from the EMR source.
Doing these processes and some algebra, we get:
find B from E
substitute in F
plug in U
solve for w
w = k Ubreak x r /s where k = uodq2/4pi (d and q are related to the dipole
moment from the antenna)
This makes sense with intuition. The frequency required to achieve x
percentage (ie .75) breakage of the H-Bond (Ubreak) is directly proportional
to the bond energy, the distance the radiation source is from the DNA, and
inversely proportional to the size of the bond needed to be broken. Assuming
the radiation is 10cm away from the nearest DNA strand in a brain cell of a
child and that the H-Bond length is about 2 Angstroms which is very roughly
10-10 m. k is about 3 x 104. These are all of course rough values. The k is
based off of the the energy of the microwave given in the Temperature section
above (plug into equation and find constant).
Percentage of H-Bond
|
Frequency
|
10%
|
1.5 x 1012Hz
|
50%
|
7.5x 1012Hz |
|
100% |
1.5 x 1013Hz |
So in any case, the general point is made.
You need frequencies much greater (as expected) than a typical microwave to
break the bonds of DNA solely with the Lorentz force, but it probably has some
effect.
Continue this student
research on RFR and DNA damage
Radiation can produce a
break in a strand by destroying a P-E bond. Think of radiation as blasting
away a electromagnetic bonds in one side of the ladder. We will call such
damage a single-strand break (SSB). While relatively weak, the electromagnetic
hydrogen bonds between nucleotides cannot be permanently broken by such a
radiation hit. An isolated SSB also does no permanent damage to the molecule;
it is soon repaired.
The effect of
the radiation may not be to kill the cell, but to alter its DNA code in a way
that leaves the cell alive but with an error in the DNA blueprint. The effect
of this mutation will depend on the nature of the error and when it is read.
Since this is a random process, such effects are now called stochastic. Two
important stochastic effects of radiation are cancer, which results from
mutations in nongerm cells (termed somatic cells), and heritable changes,
which result from mutations in germ cells (eggs and sperm) BIRTH DEFECTS.
Read more
Learn how microwaves used in
cell phones heat and damage your cells
| 
