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DNA - Atomic Structures - cell division

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The Problem: How do cells faithfully distribute genetic material to daughter cells? 

The Issue: Each time a cell divides the daughter cells must get the right chromosomes. For example, cells with missing or extra chromosomes will corrupt DNA and can become cancerous.

Basics of chromosome movement

Mitosis is the mechanism that allows the nuclei of cells to split and provide each daughter cell with a complete set of chromosomes during cellular division. This, coupled with cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm), occurs in all multicellular plants and animals to permit growth in living organisms.

Steps of mitosis "Cell Division"

Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Each chromosome has already been duplicated and consistes of two chromatids. Sister chromatids are connected by the centromere. The nucleus of the cell breaks down in to vesicles. The mitotic spindle, composed of proteins and microtubules, forms and migrates to opposite ends of the cell. Microtubules growing from each spindle are thought to push the spindles to opposite ends of the cell.
Metaphase: Capture surfaces (kinetochores) on chromosomes attach to growing microtubules from spindle poles. Each chromosome has two kinetochores (one for each chromatid) and these kinetochores face in opposite directions. Microtubules attached to kinetochores push and pull chromosomes to the center of the cell, aligning chromosomes along the metaphase plate.


Anaphase: Sister chromatids from each chromosome separate and move toward the mitotic spindles. Microtubules shorten as the chromatids (each now called a chromosome) migrate to the poles.
Telophase: Each chromosome reaches its respective pole and begins to decondense. The nuclear membrane is re-established around each set of daughter chromosomes.

Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, creating two separate cells. Cytokinesis starts during anaphase and is completed after telophase. In animals, a contractile ring of actin and myosin, pinches the cell in two.

The above steps of cellular mitosis is only one important phase of the life of a cell--the phase during which genetic information is separated into two new nuclei and the cell divides. 
To continue learning about a cells life cycle click here

 

 


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