Final
Work, Assembly & Research; Geet Duggal
Page 1
Page 2
Effects of Low Level Radiation on Genetic Material
Foreward
Site 1- Genetics and Radiation Physics
Site 2 - The Microwave Effect
The Microwave Effect
History of theories
Experiments
Reconsidering the theories
Site 3 - (Really Detailed Stuff)
Supporting evidence at the cellular level
The role of the Lorentz Effect
Conclusion
Foreward
I have gone through various sites
and read through a lot of them. I have copied and pasted information relavent
information at this point. In between the itallic print, there is little side
notes by me.
Site 1: Genetics and Radiation Physics;
http://www.ehs.unr.edu/rso/radprin.htm
Cells may be damaged by many
factors such as life style, chemical exposure, radiation exposure, etc,. Most
cells are capable of repairing damage including damage to the genetic material
if given enough time (rate of exposure). But major damage might not be repaired
and may result in cell death. Ability to repair damaged cells may depend on the
type of chemicals produced by radiation in the cell and/or surrounding the cell.
If the chemicals produced are less active and stay away from genetic material
(DNA) or other vital components necessary for cell survival, the cells would
likely be less susceptible to radiation damage. The rate at which people recover
from radiation exposure is not well known and variations among individuals is
great.
Radiation causes ionization
which that in turn causes physical and chemical effects to the atoms and cells
with which it interacts. Radiation passes through tissue and causes ionization
within the cells of the tissue. The ions produced within the cell are
electrically charged and chemically active. These charged, chemically active
ions tend to react quickly with surrounding atoms and molecules of the cell and
alter the cell structure and/or produce chemically active 6.00 radicals. For an
example, water is a primary constituent of a living cell. As a result of
ionizing radiation interaction, the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen may be
broken. The dissociated hydrogen and oxygen from water may not recombine as
water molecules but may recombine in many different combinations between oxygen,
hydrogen, and electrons i.e. H2O2, HO2, OH, e-, etc. Radiation interaction can
happen in any location of a cell such as the DNA or the chromosome, which if
damaged, could be fatal for the cell's survival. If a large enough cell
population damage occurs, then radiation effects may be immediate and fatal to
the living organism. The radiation effects may show up in a matter of days as
acute effects, or, years after the exposure as latent effects.
Return to Top
Site 2: RF
Safe - This site is particularly good in showing how DNA can be damaged by the
thermal and non-thermal effects of low-level radiation.
The Microwave Effect;
http://www.rfsafe.com/microwave_effect.htm
I believe that the major
contributing factor to the 'microwave effect' is actually a reciprocating
lorentz-force (force exerted on a charge-carrying substance in the presence of
mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields - such as in a microwave)
exerted on the uneven charge distribution of the DNA/RNA molecule. Thus
providing a non-thermal explanation for this phenomenon. If that is the case,
then the frequencies involved would almost certainly be very different to the
conventional 2450 MHz, since the structures and the forces involved are so
different.
Can microwaves disrupt the
covalent bonds of DNA? The fundamentals of thermodynamics and physics indicate
this is impossible. Numerous studies have concluded that there is no evidence to
support the existence of the 'Microwave Effect', and yet, some recent studies
have demonstrated that microwaves are capable of breaking the covalent bonds of
DNA. The exact nature of this phenomenon is not well understood, and no theory
currently exists to explain it.
What's the history behind the
theories of microwave effects on heating?
The dielectric effect on polar
molecules has been known since 1912 (DeBye 1929). Polar molecules are those
which possess an uneven charge distribution and respond to an electromagnetic
field by rotating. The angular momentum developed by these molecules results in
friction with neighboring molecules and converts thereby to linear momentum, the
definition of heat in liquids and gases. Because the molecules are forced to
rotate first, there is a slight delay between the absorption of microwave energy
and the development of linear momentum, or heat. There are some minor secondary
effects of microwaves, including ionic conduction, which are negligible in
external heating. Microwave heating is, therefore, not identical to external
heating, at least at the molecular level, and the existence of a microwave
effect is not precluded simply because the macroscopic heating effects of
microwaves are indistinguishable from those of external heating.
During the 1930s the effects of
low frequency electromagnetic waves on biological materials were studied in
depth by physicists, engineers and biologists. Studies of the effects of
microwaves on bacteria, viruses and DNA were performed in the 1960s and included
research on heating, biocidal effects, dielectric dispersion, mutagenic effects
and induced sonic resonance. Some of the early biophysicists investigating
microwave absorption claimed evidence of a 'microwave effect' which was distinct
in its biocidal effects from the effects of external heating (Barnes 1977, Cope
1976, Furia 1986). Most biologists in turn claimed there was no evidence of a
microwave effect and that the biocidal effects of microwaves were either due
entirely to heating or were indistinguishable from external heating (Goldblith
1967, Lechowich 1969, Vela 1978, Jeng 1987, Fujikawa 1991, Welt 1994). These
experiments were repeated with increased sophistication right up to the present
with the majority consensus being that the microwave effect did not exist.
There were two types of experiments
done to test microwave effects: controlled temperature and dry
In the controlled temperature
experiments the researchers controlled the temperature of the irradiated
specimen through various timing, pulsing or cooling techniques (Welt 1994,
Lechowich 1968). For example, Welt (1994) investigated the effects of microwave
irradiation on Clostridium spores and found no additional lethality caused by
microwaves that could not be accounted for by conventional heating. However,
spores may not be representative of microwave irradiation effects on active
growing bacterial cells. The results of this and other experiments showed that
controlling the temperature prevented biocidal effects, and this was taken as
conclusive evidence that the microwave effect did not exist. However, the
assumption that the microwave effect is independent of, and separable from,
temperature was always implicit in these studies, but was never acknowledge.
The second type of experiment,
the dry experiment, also contains unacknowledged assumptions. Studies have shown
that in the absence of water or moisture, biocidal effects of microwaves are
severely diminished, or require considerably longer exposures (Jeng 1987, Vela
1979). This was typically taken as evidence that nonthermal microwave effects
did not exist, however, since water is the primary medium by which microwaves
are converted to heat, the absence of biocidal effects in the absence of water
would only indicate that water is necessary for sterilization whether or not
heating is the cause. Furthermore, the possibility that the specific frequency
used, 2450 MHz, only affects water and not bacteria or spores was overlooked.
DNA has a dielectric dispersion, where microwaves are readily absorbed, at much
lower frequencies than water (Takashima 1984). The experiments may simply be
indicating that the wrong frequency is being used for targeting 'dry' bacteria
and spores.
Return to Top
Reconsidering the Microwave
Effect:
Most of the studies mentioned above concluded that the microwave effect, if
it existed, was indistinguishable from the effects of external heating. However,
it was recently demonstrated (Kakita 1995) that the microwave effect is
distinguishable from external heating by the fact that it is capable of
extensively fragmenting viral DNA, something that heating to the same
temperature did not accomplish. This experiment consisted of irradiating a
bacteriophage PL-1 culture at 2450 MHz and comparing this with a separate
culture heated to the same temperature. The DNA was mostly destroyed, a result
that does not occur from heating alone. These photos are borrowed from Kakita et
al (1995), permission pending.
In the Kakita experiment the survival percentage was approximately the same
whether the samples were heated or irradiated with microwaves, but evaluation by
electrophoresis and electron microscopy showed that the DNA of the microwaved
samples had mostly disappeared. In spite of the evolving complexity of all the
previous experiments, electrophoresis had not been used to compare irradiated
and externally heated samples prior to this. Electron microscopy had been used
to study the bacteriocidal effects of microwaves (Rosaspina 1993, 1994) and
these results also showed that microwaves had effects that were distinguishable
from those of external heating.
The energy level of a microwave photon is only 10-5 eV, whereas the energy
required to break a covalent bond is 10 eV, or a million times greater. Based on
this fact, it has been stated in the literature that "microwaves are incapable
of breaking the covalent bonds of DNA" (Fujikawa 1992, Jeng 1987), but this has
apparently occurred in the Kakita experiment, even though this may be only an
indirect effect of the microwaves.
There is, in fact, plenty of evidence to indicate that there are alternate
mechanisms for causing DNA covalent bond breakage without invoking the energy
levels of ionizing radiation (Watanabe 1985, 1989, Ishibashi 1982, Kakita 1995,
Kashige 1995, Kashige 1990, 1994). Still, no theory currently exists to explain
the phenomenon of DNA fragmentation by microwaves although research is ongoing
which may elucidate the mechanism (Watanabe 1996).
The results of microwave irradiation affected two bacteria, S. aureus and E.
coli. The death curves exhibited classic exponential decay with ab appararent
shoulder, as well as a possible second stage. These curves are based on data
from Kakita etal (1999).
The microwave frequency used in the Kakita study was the standard 2450 MHz used
in conventional microwave ovens. This is the same frequency that was used in
essentially all prior studies, except for the earliest studies (which looked at
lower frequencies), and sonic resonant studies, which looked at much higher
frequencies. The early studies showed that DNA tended to absorb microwave
radiation "in the kilocycle range" (Takashima 1963, 1966, Grant 1978, Grandolfo
1983), but no biocidal effects in the range of 1 MHz to 60 MHz were observed.
One notable exception, however, was an early experiment which found that
frequencies between 11 and 350 MHz had lethal effects on bacteria, with a peak
at 60 MHz (Fleming 1944). As far as could be determined, the contradiction
between the results of Fleming and those of Takashima has never been resolved or
re-addressed. In any event, there is no evidence in these studies to indicate
any undue attention was paid to control the actual absorbed dose or the precise
geometry of the irradiation cell, and therefore the differences in the results
of these investigators may reflect differences in their cell geometries, among
other things.
In summary, it would seem there is reason to believe that the microwave effect
does indeed exist, even if it cannot yet be adequately explained. What we know
at present is somewhat limited, but there may be enough information already
available to form a viable hypothesis. The possibility that electromagnetic
radiation in the non-ionizing frequency range can cause genetic damage may have
profound implications on the current controversy involving EM antennae, power
lines, and cell phones.
A Theory of Microwave Induced DNA Covalent Bond Breakage A review of the data
from the various referenced experiments shows a common pattern -- for the first
few minutes of irradiation there is no pronounced effect, and then a cascade of
microbial destruction occurs. The data pattern greatly resembles the dynamics of
a capacitor; first there is an accumulation of energy, and then a catastrophic
release. It may simply indicate a threshhold temperature has been reached, or it
may indicate a two-stage process is at work.
A link that may be of interest, but
not as directly relavent to my topic:
DNA
single and double strand breaks at levels below the current FCC exposure
standard
So at this point a few days ago, I
thought to myself of the researcher who believes that this Microwave Effect that
could be the cause of a lot of genetic damage is actually due to the Lorentz
Force. That directly hits the topic of Electromagnetism and it explains why
damage could be caused by Microwave Radiation even though the energies are not
literally enough to break the covalent bonds in DNA. This lead me to do more
research on the Lorentz Effect and its relation to the Microwave Effect...
Return to Top
Site 3: (Really Detailed
Stuff);
http://www.elettra2000.it/scienza/EBC.htm
Although at the cellular level,
this is some more supporting evidence:
The previous discussion deals mainly with mechanisms plausible for
explaining bioelectromagnetic effects in the low frequency range.
Some authors have addressed the specific possibility that the cell membrane
lipids are the target of the electromagnetic field interaction at high
frequencies. In general, a cell membrane phospholipid is composed of two parts:
one head and two tails with similar chemical and physical composition. It has
been recently shown (Seelig et al., 1987) that in some phospholipids the polar
heads align themselves nearly parallel (within 30°) to the membrane surface and
that the heads' group orientation is identical in artificial bilayers and in
biological membranes. Different conformations of a phospholipidic bilayer are
possible. The transition between one conformation to the other is affected by
the concentration of bound water at lipid-water interface, and therefore it can
be induced isothermally by ionic or solute interactions (Cevc and Marsh, 1987),
while, at fixed bound water concentration, it can be induced increasing the
temperature over a critical phase-transition value, Tt.
The presence of charges or dipolar molecules external to the membrane but in the
proximity of the heads can modify the bistable nature of the phospholipidic
bilayer (Seelig et al. 1987; Cevc and Marsh, 1987; Scherer and Seelig, 1987;
Shepherd and Buldt, 1978).
These recent experimental results can give support to the Bond and Wyeth (1986,
1987) hypothesis that justifies the results of the Liburdy and Penn experiments
(1984, 1986). In these experiments, passive permeability of sodium ions in red
blood cells and in lymphocytes increased under microwave exposure (2.45 GHz,
continuous wave (CW), 60 mW/g) in correspondence to Tt. A phase transition could
be involved in this microwave effect, leading to the hypothesis that the phase
transition temperature Tt is near to a natural critical temperature Tc at which
the system becomes extremely sensitive to small external perturbations.
The Lorentz Effect and it's Part (still at the cellular level):
The historically initial surge of interest on biological microwave effects
and related mechanism has been followed by studies at lower frequencies, as they
appear to be more fruitful and interesting because the experimental results are
quite available. Interaction with ions has been proposed as a possible
explanation of em field induced flux of calcium observed "in vivo" and in vitro
in different excitable cells, as already discussed in previous sections, (see
the review made by Adey, 1984). These results include calcium-ion influx or
efflux from the cerebral cortex of cats "in vivo" (Kaczmarek and Adey, 1974) and
from isolated chick cerebral hemisphere (Bawin et al., 1975) produced by
modulated VHF. Similar subsequent results in the ELF-range (Bawin and Adey,
1976, 1977) or with ELF modulated microwaves (Adey et al., 1982) have been
confirmed and partially expanded by other authors (Blackman et al., 1979, 1985;
Athey, 1981; Merrit et al., 1982; Dutta et al., 1984). In particular, Blackman
et al. (1985) showed that em-field induced alterations of ion fluxes strongly
depend on the value of the static magnetic field; so that two experiments using
the same em-field (amplitude and frequency) may give rise to distinct results if
the environmental static magnetic field is different.
A mechanism that can explain Blackman's results was proposed by Chiabrera et al.
(1985b-1987) by analysing the em field local effects on proteins and ions that
interact with each other on the surface of the cell. They considered the action
of electric and magnetic forces on different ionic messengers and binding sites.
The contribution of the magnetic induction has been added to an earlier model (Chiabrera
et al., 1984a), according to a suggestion of Liboff (1985). The binding process
is clearly a statistical event: the binding site moves on the cell surface,
while the external messenger (ligand) moves in the microenvironment outside the
cell. An applied em field modifies the velocity and the path of the external
messenger near the binding site and will therefore change the association and
dissociation rate constants of the receptor-ligand binding action, altering ion
flux through the membrane.
The problem of a messenger ion (mass m and charge q) which travels near a
binding site or across a membrane channel has been approaced from the classical
point of view.
In this case, the variable of interest can be the square of the time average ion
displacement r or the square of the time average of the ion velocity.
The equation that gives the ion dynamics is obtained by introducing the
Lorentz's force in the classical Langevin equation (Langevin-Lorentz model):
where: b is the Langevin "collision frequency", which models the average energy
loss of the ion, due to its interaction with the thermal bath (e.g. interactions
with water molecules); w2end models the endogenous force of the binding site
Fend = -mw2end r as a linear harmonic oscillator; g = q/m is the ion charge to
mass ratio; n is a white noise random force divided by m, whose average value is
zero, which models the random fluctuation induced by the thermal bath. Its
spectral density, for each degree of 6.00dom of the ion is 2kT b/m, being k the
Boltzmann's constant and T the absolute temperature. B = BO + B1senwt is the
magnetic induction.
The aforesaid equation has been studied under various simplifying assumptions
and using numerical approaches by many authors (see papers in Chiabrera et al.,
1985a; Blank and Findl, 1987; Durney et al., 1988 and D'Inzeo et al., 1992),
mainly in the case of the Helmoltz coil exposure system and in the case of a TEM
exposure Cell (Crawford cell).
The ion displacement and velocity exhibit characteristic resonances for values
of w close to multiple values of the dynamic cyclotron frequency B1/2(p)) (twice
the corresponding Larmor frequency) associated to the intensity of the
time-varying component of the magnetic induction. These resonances occur for B0
= 0 or for values the cyclotron frequency (gB0/(2 A simplified approach has been
proposed by Liboff and McLeod (1985, 1986, 1988). They hypothesised, as a
particular case of eq. (8), a frequency selective effect based only on the dc
cyclotron resonance frequency of the ions. The ionic movements could be guided
by helicoidal pathways created by the endogenous field present in the proteins'
structure of channel walls, or by the quasi-cylindrical structure of a channel
screens the ions from the thermal noise present on both sides of the membrane.
Then, the ions could be accelerated by the field and cross the membrane channel.
Halle (1988), referring to the Liboff and McLeod theory, criticised their
proposed interaction mechanism. If the ionic trajectory is prescribed, the
magnetic effect vanishes identically. Furthermore, Halle reiterates that, even
if the motional constrains are "relaxed", dynamic friction ensures that the
magnetic effect is utterly insignificant, if a viscosity value corresponding to
bulk water is considered. Chiabrera et al. (1989) have proved that if the
endogenous field is very large, and changes rapidly in space, water molecules
are expelled from the site, and the ion experiences very low effective
viscosity. Nevertheless other unresolved problems, related to the endogenous
force modelling, remains (Chiabrera et al., 1992), because of the nonlinearities
involved.
Furthermore the values of ion displacement and velocity due to the exogenous
exposure alone (i.e. neglecting noise) are much smaller than their expectation
values due to thermal noise alone (i.e. em exposure off). Then, time-averaging
seems not to be sufficient to overcome thermal noise. We conclude that this
classical approach seems not yet able to offer a physically plausible model that
explains the experiments (Bianco and Chiabrera, 1992). The weakest point of the
classical model so far discussed is the oversimplified expression of Fend, which
is a very large field near the binding site, dropping to zero a few angstroms or
nanometers away from the site. Its values obtained from the Protein Data Banks
point toward large non linear effects. Thus, a more rigorous quantum approach is
needed.
Conclusions and Further
research:
The basic idea behind me going
through these research sites is to narrow down physically how genetic material
could possibly be damaged by EM waves. I narrowed down my choice to analyzing
the growing support for the Lorentz Effect as a cause for the Microwave Effect.
Further research should entail
mainly getting specific statistics and facts of EM-related genetic defects so
the reader will get an idea of how prevalent this could be.
Return to Top
Northwestern University Physics &
Astronomy Department - Phyx 135-2 (General Physics) -- Professor Donald Ellis (Student
Projects)
| |
"In God We
Trust" Site Prayer "
llphone radiation
http://rfsafe.com/index.php
|
